Abnormal differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll human skin samples were obtained under the written informed consent of donors, in accordance with the ethical committee approval process of the Institutional Review Board ofSox9 in Epidermal KeratinocytesFigure 4. Ectopic expression of Sox9 in rat skin. Female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were intradermally injected with 50 ml of Sox9 expressing adenovirus (109 particles). After 10 days, skin specimens were harvested and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Epidermal thickness of Sox9injected rat is greater than that of GFP-injected rat. CTL, non-injected; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline-injected. Sequentially, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained with anti-GFP, anti-loricrin, anti-keratin 10 (K10), and anti-PCNA antibodies. Expression of the early differentiation marker K10 and the late differentiation marker loricrin show that Sox9 can inhibit keratinocyte differentiation. While, ectopic expression of Sox9 increases the cell proliferation in terms of PCNA positivity. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054355.gChungnam National University School of Medicine. All animal tests were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chungnam National University School of Medicine.Cell CulturePrimary epidermal keratinocytes were cultured according to the method previously reported [34]. Keratinocytes were maintained in keratinocyte-serum free medium (K-SFM) supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bovine pituitary extract (Gibco BRL, Rockville, MD). HEK293 cells were maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco BRL).Immunohistochemical StainingSkin samples were fixed in 10 formalin for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Sections of skin specimens were dewaxed, rehydrated, then washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After treatment with proteinase K (1 mg/ml) for5 min at 37uC, sections were treated with H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature, placed in a blocking-solution (Dako, Carpinteria, CA) for 20 min, followed by reaction with the appropriate primary antibodies. Sections were incubated sequentially with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Upstate, Lake Placid, NY) and get 14636-12-5 visualized using a Chemmate Envision Detection Kit (Dako). The following antibodies were used in this study. Sox9 (sc20095), involucrin (sc-21748), loricrin (sc-51130), GFP (sc-8334), PCNA (sc-7907) and p21 (sc-6246) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies (Santa Cruz, CA). Rb (# 9309), p53 (# 9282) and cyclin D1 (#2922) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Keratin 10 (PRB-159P) was obtained from Covance (Richmond, CA). Actin (A3853) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).Sox9 in Epidermal KeratinocytesFigure 5. Sox9 protects UVB- induced keratinocyte apoptosis. (A) Keratinocytes were treated with UVB at the indicated doses. Cells were refed with fresh medium and incubated for a buy 60940-34-3 further 24 h. Sox9 protein level was increased in a dose-dependent manner. (B) Effect of Sox9 overexpression on UVB-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Keratinocytes were transduced with 10 MOI of adenovirus for overnight, washed twice with PBS, and incubated with fresh medium for 2 d. Then, cells were UVB-irradiated at the dose of 20 mJ/cm2, then further incubated for 24 h. Apoptosis was detected by PARP cleavage. In Sox9 overexpressed group, cleaved PARP (lower band) is significantly reduced, indicating that So.Abnormal differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll human skin samples were obtained under the written informed consent of donors, in accordance with the ethical committee approval process of the Institutional Review Board ofSox9 in Epidermal KeratinocytesFigure 4. Ectopic expression of Sox9 in rat skin. Female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were intradermally injected with 50 ml of Sox9 expressing adenovirus (109 particles). After 10 days, skin specimens were harvested and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Epidermal thickness of Sox9injected rat is greater than that of GFP-injected rat. CTL, non-injected; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline-injected. Sequentially, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained with anti-GFP, anti-loricrin, anti-keratin 10 (K10), and anti-PCNA antibodies. Expression of the early differentiation marker K10 and the late differentiation marker loricrin show that Sox9 can inhibit keratinocyte differentiation. While, ectopic expression of Sox9 increases the cell proliferation in terms of PCNA positivity. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054355.gChungnam National University School of Medicine. All animal tests were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chungnam National University School of Medicine.Cell CulturePrimary epidermal keratinocytes were cultured according to the method previously reported [34]. Keratinocytes were maintained in keratinocyte-serum free medium (K-SFM) supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bovine pituitary extract (Gibco BRL, Rockville, MD). HEK293 cells were maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco BRL).Immunohistochemical StainingSkin samples were fixed in 10 formalin for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Sections of skin specimens were dewaxed, rehydrated, then washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After treatment with proteinase K (1 mg/ml) for5 min at 37uC, sections were treated with H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature, placed in a blocking-solution (Dako, Carpinteria, CA) for 20 min, followed by reaction with the appropriate primary antibodies. Sections were incubated sequentially with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Upstate, Lake Placid, NY) and visualized using a Chemmate Envision Detection Kit (Dako). The following antibodies were used in this study. Sox9 (sc20095), involucrin (sc-21748), loricrin (sc-51130), GFP (sc-8334), PCNA (sc-7907) and p21 (sc-6246) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies (Santa Cruz, CA). Rb (# 9309), p53 (# 9282) and cyclin D1 (#2922) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Keratin 10 (PRB-159P) was obtained from Covance (Richmond, CA). Actin (A3853) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).Sox9 in Epidermal KeratinocytesFigure 5. Sox9 protects UVB- induced keratinocyte apoptosis. (A) Keratinocytes were treated with UVB at the indicated doses. Cells were refed with fresh medium and incubated for a further 24 h. Sox9 protein level was increased in a dose-dependent manner. (B) Effect of Sox9 overexpression on UVB-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Keratinocytes were transduced with 10 MOI of adenovirus for overnight, washed twice with PBS, and incubated with fresh medium for 2 d. Then, cells were UVB-irradiated at the dose of 20 mJ/cm2, then further incubated for 24 h. Apoptosis was detected by PARP cleavage. In Sox9 overexpressed group, cleaved PARP (lower band) is significantly reduced, indicating that So.
